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中医肝脏生理与病理理论对于我国眼科学发展的意义

时间:2022-11-07 17:00:05 来源:网友投稿

[摘要] 整体恒动观是中医核心理念。中医认为:肝主目;眼为五脏之精,肝为五脏之长;肝主疏泄,条畅情志;肝生血气,藏血藏魂;肝主血海、主谋略;肝生“相火”,萌发元阳;肝为将军之官,主攘外安内;肝主筋主动,为罴极之本;肝为泪。中医强调:百病从肝治;上医治未病;治病求本,以人为本。根据中医肝脏生理与病理理论,很多感染性与包括肿瘤的免疫性眼病、代谢性与退行性眼病、缺血性与出血性和血管增生性眼病、干眼症与全身病相关眼病都能够从根本上防治,减少甚至避免抗生素与免疫抑制剂等药物、激光与手术治疗,进而推动眼科医学模式变革,提高我国眼病防治科学水平。中医肝脏生理与病理理论能够对于我国以及世界眼科学的发展做出重大贡献。

[关键词] 中医肝脏生理与病理理论;中医整体恒动观;肝主目;目为肝窍;眼科学发展

[中图分类号] R77 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2015)08(a)-0121-07

Significance of the liver physiology and pathology theory of traditional Chinese medicine for ophthalmologic development in China

ZHENG Rongling1,2

1.Beijing You"an Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100069,China; 2.Beijing People"s Eye Research Center, Beijing 100079, China

[Abstract] The whole concept of perpetual motion is the core concept of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM believes that the liver controls eyes; eyes are the essence of the five internal organs, the liver is the lead of the five internal organs; the liver governing free coursing and emotion; producing blood and qi; storing blood and soul; governing blood and thinking; yielding “vigor fire” and “primordial yang”; being “the organ of general”, resisting foreign aggression and pacifying the interior; governing tendons and physical movement, being the basis of resistance to fatigue; forming tears. According to TCM, many diseases can be treated from the liver; the superior doctor treats disease before it happens, from the root, people-oriented. According to the liver physiology and pathology theory of TCM, many infectious and immunologic eye disease including tumor, metabolic and degenerative eye disease, ischemic, hemorrhagic and vascular proliferative eye disease, dry eye and eye disease associated with systemic disease can all be prevented and controlled, many drugs as antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents, laser and operation therapy can be reduced or even avoided. This can promote the reform of the medical model of ophthalmology, and improve the prevention and control of eye disease in China. The liver physiology and pathology theory of TCM can make great contribution for the ophthalmology development of China as well as the world.

[Key words] Liver physiology and pathology of TCM; Whole concept of perpetual motion of TCM; Liver controlling eyes; Eyes are the windows of the liver; Ophthalmology development

2015年是中华医学会成立100周年(1915~2015年)[1],是我国在世界上率先成功分离沙眼病原体60周年[2],也是中国中医科学院(中医研究院)成立60周年(1955~2015年)、中国中医眼科学会成立30周年(1985~2015年)[3]。眼科学在我国现代医学发展史上,具有独特的地位,中华医学会的前身,1837、1886年先后成立的中国医药传道会、中国医学传教会主要创始人郭雷枢、伯驾与嘉约翰都是眼外科医生,以白内障摘除术为代表的眼外科手术技术对于西医在我国的传播起了独特作用。现代眼科前辈毕华德、陈耀真、郭秉宽等都非常重视我国传统医学。著名中医眼科前辈我国首届国医大师唐由之被誉为我国中西医结合医学的典范[3]。金针拨障治疗白内障曾经为我国赢得世界声誉[3-4]。近年来,随着经济与科技发展,我国大型眼科中心的现代白内障摘除手术与人工晶体植入技术已经达到或接近世界先进水平,在残联的支持下,我国白内障手术率有了显著提高,然而与发达国家相比,甚至与古巴、印度等发展中国家相比,仍然有相当差距[5-6]。现代医学研究表明:白内障是代谢性疾病,仅仅依靠眼科手术解决不了代谢问题[7]。沙眼、近视眼、青光眼、葡萄膜炎、中浆、中渗、年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)、视网膜母细胞瘤、脉络膜黑色素瘤等疾病都不局限于眼科,更不用说高血压病、糖尿病、血液病等全身病相关眼病[2-3,7-9]。我国沙眼还远未消灭,个别地区近年来发病率还有所增加[2,9];单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎(HSK)发病率近年来亦在增高[10];艾滋病相关眼病亦逐年增多[11]。近视[12]、弱视[13]、青光眼[14]、白内障[7]、葡萄膜炎[15]与AMD[16]等眼底病以及高血压病、糖尿病等全身病相关眼病[17]等的发病率都有增高的趋势,我国眼病防治的整体绩效不高。祖国传统医学中医几千年来为保障人民的视力与身心健康做出了不可磨灭的伟大贡献。越是民族的,就越是世界的;越是传统的,越能代表未来的发展方向。中医系统整体观认为,眼与五脏六腑都有密切联系,然而与肝的关系最为密切,如《素问·阴阳应象大论》说:“肝主目。”《素问·金匮真言论》曰:“肝开窍于目。”《素问·五脏生成》曰:“肝受血而能视。”《灵枢·脉度》曰:“肝气通于目,肝和则目能辨五色矣。”《灵枢·九针论》:“肝主泣。”皆说明目与肝至为关联,并得到现代研究的支持[15-25]。本文的目的是探讨中医肝脏生理与病理理论对于我国眼科学发展的重要意义。

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